Jaundice is a condition that causes yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood. It can affect newborns, adults, and the elderly, often signalling an underlying liver issue or infection. Proper care for a jaundice patient involves recognising early symptoms, following a liver-friendly diet, and making necessary lifestyle adjustments to aid recovery.

Understanding the treatment of jaundice in adults, when to worry about jaundice in adults, and the signs of recovery from jaundice in newborns is crucial for effective management. This guide covers all you need to know to care for a jaundice patient and help them recover smoothly.

Understanding Jaundice: Causes and Symptoms

Jaundice is a condition that causes yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes due to excess bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. Normally, the liver processes bilirubin and excretes it through bile. However, when this process is disrupted, bilirubin builds up, leading to jaundice.

Causes of Jaundice

Bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown, is usually processed by the liver. Disruptions in this process can result in jaundice. Let’s see what can cause this disruption:

Liver-Related Causes

Liver inflammation, scarring, excess fat, and tumours in the liver can all impair bilirubin processing and cause jaundice.

Bile Duct Obstruction

Gallstones, tumours or cysts, and inflammation or infections can block bile flow in the liver, pancreas, or bile ducts.

Excessive Breakdown of Red Blood Cells (Haemolysis)

Haemolytic anaemia is when red cells break down quickly, causing excess bilirubin. Genetic disorders like Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia, as well as infections like Malaria and Sepsis, can also lead to rapid red cell destruction.

Genetic and Metabolic Disorders

Gilbert’s Syndrome causes occasional jaundice due to bilirubin metabolism issues, while Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is a rare disorder that makes it difficult for the body to process bilirubin.

Medication and Toxin-Induced Jaundice

Excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, and poisoning from hepatotoxic substances can damage liver cells, impair liver function, and lead to jaundice.

Early Symptoms of Jaundice in Adults

Recognising the early symptoms of jaundice in adults is essential for timely intervention. These include:

• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
• Dark urine and pale stools
• Fatigue and weakness
• Itchy skin
• Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite

If jaundice is accompanied by severe pain, fever, or confusion, immediate medical attention is required. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause can help manage jaundice effectively.

Jaundice in Adults: When to Worry

Mild cases of jaundice may not be serious, but persistent or worsening jaundice could indicate a severe health issue that requires medical attention.

Warning Signs That Require Immediate Attention

• Severe Abdominal Pain – Pain in the upper right abdomen could indicate liver disease, gallstones, or pancreatitis.
• High Fever and Chills – This could indicate an infection such as viral hepatitis or a bile duct infection.
• Unintentional Weight Loss – This could be a sign of liver cancer or other serious conditions.
• Dark Urine and Pale Stools – A sign of bile duct obstruction, possibly due to gallstones or liver disease.
• Excessive Fatigue and Weakness – Persistent fatigue can signal chronic liver disease.
• Swelling in the Abdomen or Legs – This may be due to liver failure or cirrhosis.
• Bleeding or Easy Bruising – A sign that the liver is not producing enough clotting factors.
• Mental Confusion or Drowsiness – A sign of hepatic encephalopathy, a severe complication of liver disease.
• Unintentional Weight Loss – This may be linked to liver cancer or other serious illnesses.

What to Do if You Notice Jaundice?

So what should you do if you notice such symptoms on a loved one?

• Seek medical evaluation if jaundice is sudden, severe, or accompanied by any of the above symptoms.
• Avoid alcohol and liver-toxic substances that could worsen liver damage.
• Get liver function tests and imaging (ultrasound, CT scan) if recommended by a doctor.
• Follow a liver-friendly diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Treatment of Jaundice in Adults

The treatment of jaundice in adults depends on the underlying cause. Since jaundice itself is a symptom rather than a disease, addressing the root problem is crucial for recovery.

Treating Liver Diseases

If the root cause of jaundice is liver disease then the following lines of treatment are commonly followed:

• Hepatitis whether viral or alcoholic is treated with supportive care, antiviral medications (for hepatitis B or C), and avoiding alcohol.
• Liver Cirrhosis requires lifestyle changes, medications to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.
• The common line of treatment for Fatty Liver Disease is diet modifications, weight management, and avoiding alcohol or harmful substances.

Managing Bile Duct Obstruction

Jaundice can be caused by bile duct obstruction, which usually happens in two ways.

• Gallstones, which is treated with medication, endoscopic removal (ERCP), or gallbladder surgery.
• Tumours or Infections, the main treatment for which is surgery or chemotherapy, depending on the situation. Antibiotics are also used if there’s an infection.

 Treating Haemolysis

In case excessive red blood cell breakdown is the root cause, it may be caused by two conditions:

• Autoimmune Disorders which is treated using steroids or immunosuppressants.
• Blood Disorders, which require blood transfusions or specialised treatments such as plasmapheresis.

Supportive Care for Jaundice

No matter what the root cause is, all jaundice patients require supportive care which includes:

• Hydration: Drinking enough fluids supports liver function.
• Healthy Diet: Low-fat, high-fibre, and antioxidant-rich foods help liver recovery.
• Avoiding Alcohol and Drugs: Reduces strain on the liver and prevents further damage.

Jaundice in Newborns: What Parents Should Know

Neonatal jaundice is common, usually appearing within 2-4 days of birth. While it often resolves naturally, signs of recovery from jaundice in newborns are important to track.

Causes of Newborn Jaundice

• Immature Liver: The newborn’s liver is still developing and may take time to process bilirubin efficiently.
• Breastfeeding Jaundice: Inadequate feeding in the first few days may slow bilirubin excretion.
• Blood Type Incompatibility: If the mother’s and baby’s blood types are different, increased red blood cell breakdown can lead to higher bilirubin levels.
• Premature Birth: Preterm babies have underdeveloped livers, making them more prone to jaundice.
• Infections or Liver Problems: In rare cases, infections, metabolic disorders, or liver diseases can contribute to jaundice.

Signs & Symptoms of Jaundice in Newborns

• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, usually starting from the face and spreading downward.
• Difficulty feeding or lethargy.
• Dark urine and pale stools (instead of normal colourless urine and yellow stools).
• High-pitched crying or irritability (in severe cases).

When to Seek Medical Attention

• Jaundice appears within the first 24 hours after birth.
• The yellowing spreads to the abdomen, arms, or legs.
• Baby is excessively sleepy, difficult to wake, or refuses to feed.
• Signs of dehydration, such as fewer wet diapers.
• High-pitched crying or arching of the back (signs of severe jaundice affecting the brain).

Treatment for Newborn Jaundice

Treating newborns with jaundice, of course, requires a more delicate approach. It usually involves:

• Frequent Feeding: Helps flush out bilirubin through urine and stool.
• Phototherapy: Special blue light therapy breaks down bilirubin for easier elimination.
• Exchange Transfusion: In severe cases, replacing the baby’s blood may be necessary.

Most cases of newborn jaundice resolve within 1-2 weeks without complications. However, parents should monitor symptoms and seek medical care if jaundice worsens to prevent complications such as kernicterus, a rare but serious brain damage caused by high bilirubin levels.

Diet for Jaundice Patients: Foods to Eat and Avoid

A well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in supporting liver function and aiding recovery from jaundice. Since jaundice is often linked to liver dysfunction, consuming the right foods can help detoxify the liver, improve digestion, and promote overall well-being.

Foods to Eat

• Hydrating Fluids – Water, coconut water, fresh fruit juices (without added sugar), and herbal teas help flush toxins and keep the liver hydrated.
• Fresh Fruits – Papaya, oranges, apples, berries, pomegranates, and melons are rich in antioxidants and support liver health.
• Vegetables – Leafy greens (spinach, kale), carrots, beets, and tomatoes help detoxify the liver and aid digestion.
• Whole Grains – Brown rice, oats, and quinoa provide fibre and support healthy digestion.
• Protein Sources – Lentils, beans, tofu, and lean meats (chicken, fish) in moderation provide necessary protein without overloading the liver.
• Healthy Fats – Nuts, seeds, and olive oil in small amounts help maintain liver function without adding excessive fat.
• Turmeric and Ginger – Renowned for their anti-inflammatory and liver-protective properties.

Foods to Avoid

• Fatty and Fried Foods– Burgers, fries, and processed snacks increase liver workload and slow recovery.
• Sugary and Processed Foods – Sweets, sodas, and packaged foods can lead to fat accumulation in the liver.
• Red Meat – Difficult to digest and puts strain on the liver.
• Alcohol and Caffeine – Can worsen liver inflammation and delay healing.
• Salty Foods – Excess salt can cause water retention and burden the liver.
• Spicy Foods – Can irritate the digestive system and worsen symptoms.

To improve digestion, consuming small, frequent meals throughout the day is recommended. Avoiding late-night eating can help reduce strain on the liver. Additionally, ensuring you get enough rest and effectively managing stress are crucial factors that can impact the health of your liver.

Lifestyle Tips for Jaundice Recovery

Recovering from jaundice involves not only medical treatment but also lifestyle changes to support liver function and overall health. Healthy habits can help speed up recovery and prevent future liver problems, as the liver is crucial for detoxifying the body.

Stay Hydrated

Drink plenty of water daily, aiming for at least 8-10 glasses, to effectively flush out toxins from your body. Opt for hydrating fluids such as coconut water, fresh fruit juices, and herbal teas to keep your body well-hydrated. Sugary and carbonated drinks should be avoided as they can put a strain on the liver.

Eat a Liver-Friendly Diet

Incorporate fresh fruits and vegetables such as carrots, beets, apples, and leafy greens into your diet. Opt for whole grains like brown rice and oats instead of refined grains. Incorporate lean proteins such as lentils, fish, and tofu while steering clear of red meat. Avoid fried, processed, and high-fat foods as they can impede liver recovery.

Get Plenty of Rest

Ensure you get a minimum of 7-9 hours of sleep each night to facilitate the body’s healing process. It is important to minimise stress and incorporate relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing into your daily routine.

Avoid Alcohol and Smoking

Alcohol is known to directly harm the liver and impede the body’s ability to recover, so it is best to avoid it altogether. Smoking introduces harmful toxins into the body, which can further strain the liver. It is advisable to refrain from smoking as well to support liver health and overall well-being.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Once you start feeling better, consider incorporating gentle physical activities such as walking or yoga into your routine. Avoid engaging in strenuous exercise during the recovery period, as it can potentially exhaust the body.

Follow Medical Advice

Follow your doctor’s instructions and take your prescribed medications as directed. Additionally, schedule regular liver function tests to track your progress in recovery.

Practise Good Hygiene

Wash your hands before eating to prevent infections. Additionally, avoid sharing personal items to reduce the risk of spreading hepatitis-related jaundice.

The Bottom Line

Caring for a jaundice patient requires a holistic approach that includes proper medical attention, a liver-friendly diet, and a healthy lifestyle. Recognising symptoms early – such as yellowing of the skin and eyes, fatigue, and digestive issues – can help in timely diagnosis and treatment.

A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and adequate hydration plays a crucial role in supporting liver function and speeding up recovery. Additionally, lifestyle modifications like getting enough rest, avoiding alcohol, and managing stress can prevent further complications and promote overall well-being.

Sources:

• https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/diet-for-jaundice#foods-to-limit-or-avoid
• https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/jaundice-why-happens-adults
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice
• https://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice_in_adults/article
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns
• https://www.healthline.com/health/newborn-jaundice#prevention
• https://raisingchildren.net.au/newborns/health-daily-care/health-concerns/jaundice-in-newborns
• https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/